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• Encyclopedia 178

Articles 178, showing 20

• John XXIIIPeople

  John XXIII (1881–1963) was the 261st pope of the Roman Catholic Church. During his pontificate he convoked the Second Vatican Council, and he is popularly known as "the Good Pope."

• Leo XIIIPeople

  Leo XIII (1810–1903) was the 256th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903. He is known for promulgating the encyclical Rerum Novarum (1891) on the labor question, which established the starting point of Catholic social teaching.

• InquisitionHistory

  The Inquisition was a system through which the Roman Catholic Church, from the Middle Ages onward, sought out, interrogated, and punished people suspected of departing from orthodox doctrine. It is commonly divided into the Medieval Inquisition, the Spanish Inquisition, and the Roman Inquisition.

• Veneration of the SaintsDoctrine & Theology

  The veneration of the saints is a devotional practice of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches in which saints who serve as models of faith are honored and asked for their intercession. Protestants remember the saints as examples of faith but do not make them objects of prayer.

• Liberation TheologyDoctrine & Theology

  Liberation theology is a theological movement that arose in the Latin American Catholic Church in the late 1960s. It reads the Bible from the standpoint of the poor and oppressed and understands salvation as encompassing social and political liberation.

• Anointing of the SickWorship & Rites

  The Anointing of the Sick is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, a rite in which a priest prays over a gravely ill or frail elderly person and anoints him or her with consecrated oil. Protestant churches do not recognize it as a sacrament.

• SirachBible

  Sirach is a book of wisdom literature generally attributed to Jesus ben Sira, a teacher of the law in Jerusalem in the early second century BC. The Catholic and Orthodox churches regard it as canonical, while most Protestants classify it among the Apocrypha.

• Clement of RomePeople

  Clement of Rome was a leader of the church in Rome in the late first century and an Apostolic Father, known as the author of a letter to the church in Corinth commonly called 1 Clement. The Catholic Church counts him as the fourth pope.

• Second Council of ConstantinopleHistory

  The Second Council of Constantinople was a church council convened in Constantinople in 553 by the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. It condemned the so-called "Three Chapters" and reaffirmed the Christology of the Council of Chalcedon. The Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church count it as the fifth ecumenical council.

• Scottish ReformationHistory

  The Scottish Reformation was the mid-sixteenth-century transformation in which Scotland broke with the Roman Catholic Church and adopted a Calvinist Protestant church order. Led by John Knox, it reached its turning point with the decisions of Parliament in 1560. It is regarded today as one of the roots of worldwide Presbyterianism.

• Gihae PersecutionHistory

  The Gihae Persecution was a suppression of Catholicism in Korea in 1839, the fifth year of the reign of King Heonjong of the Joseon dynasty. Three French missionaries and leaders of the Korean Catholic Church, including Jeong Ha-sang, lost their lives in the persecution.

• DeaconChurch Offices

  A deacon is a member of the clergy ranking below the priest in churches, such as the Catholic and Anglican churches, that divide holy orders into the three ranks of bishop, priest, and deacon. The term comes from the same Greek word that Korean Protestant churches use for the distinct office known as jipsa.

• Mother TeresaPeople

  Mother Teresa (1910–1997) was a Catholic nun who founded the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata, India, to care for the poor, the sick, and the dying. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and was canonized by the Catholic Church in 2016.

• BishopChurch Offices

  A bishop is an officeholder who oversees and leads multiple churches and ministers. The term derives from the New Testament Greek episkopos ("one who watches over"). In Korea, the Protestant term for bishop refers mainly to leaders of Methodist denominations, while the Anglican and Catholic churches use a different Korean term for the same office.

• ReformationHistory

  The Reformation was a sixteenth-century reform movement in Western Europe that sought to correct the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church in light of Scripture. Its beginning is usually dated to Martin Luther's publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517, and Protestantism emerged from this movement.

• BishopChurch Offices

  A bishop is a senior member of the clergy who oversees a diocese made up of multiple churches and performs the ordination of clergy. The title is used by the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. In Korean, Protestant Bibles and the Methodist Church render the same term with a different word, *gamdok* ("overseer").

• Francis of AssisiPeople

  Francis of Assisi (1181/1182–1226) was a medieval Italian friar who founded the Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscans), a community devoted to a life of poverty. He is a saint of the Catholic Church and is known for originating the tradition of the Christmas crèche.

• PopeOrganization & Polity

  The pope is the Bishop of Rome, the supreme leader of the Catholic Church (the Roman Catholic Church). The Catholic Church regards the pope as the successor of the apostle Peter, but Protestant and Orthodox churches do not recognize his primacy.

• DominicPeople

  Dominic (c. 1170–1221) was a Catholic priest from Castile who founded the Order of Preachers, known as the Dominican Order, which received papal approval in 1216. The Catholic Church venerates him as Saint Dominic.

• Matthew 16:18–19Bible Verses

  Jesus's words to Peter, "Upon this rock I will build my church," together with his promise to give Peter the keys of the kingdom of heaven. The passage is the central scriptural basis for the papacy in the Catholic Church, and its interpretation differs sharply among Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox traditions.