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Heshbon
[Bible]Heshbon was a city on the plateau east of the Jordan River that served as the royal city of Sihon, king of the Amorites, at the time of the Exodus. After Israel captured it, the city was allotted to the tribe of Reuben, and in the later prophetic books it appears as a Moabite city.
Zippor
[People]Zippor is an Old Testament figure named only as the father of Balak, king of Moab. He appears in the text solely in the phrase "Balak the son of Zippor," and nothing is recorded about his own life or deeds.
Joah (Recorder under Hezekiah)
[People]Joah, the son of Asaph, was the recorder under King Hezekiah of Judah. When the Assyrian army threatened Jerusalem, he went out with Eliakim and Shebna to meet the Rabshakeh.
Adad-guppi
[People]Adad-guppi (7th–6th centuries BC) was the mother of Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. She is said to have served the moon god Sîn at Harran and is known from the Harran inscription, which recounts her life in the first person.
Deborah
[People]Deborah was a prophetess and judge in the Old Testament Book of Judges, known for defeating the army of Jabin, king of Canaan, together with Barak, and for the Song of Deborah, which commemorates the victory.
Jehonadab
[People]Jehonadab, the son of Rechab, joined Jehu, king of the northern kingdom of Israel, in his campaign to eradicate Baal worship. In the Book of Jeremiah he appears as "Jonadab," who left his descendants a command to drink no wine and to dwell in tents.
Gibbethon
[Bible]Gibbethon was an Old Testament town in the territory of the tribe of Dan and a Levitical city, but by the period recounted in the books of Kings it belonged to the Philistines. King Nadab of Israel was assassinated while besieging it, and Omri was proclaimed king in the camp there.
Gerar
[Bible]Gerar was a town in southwestern Canaan, between Gaza and Beersheba. It is the setting of the accounts involving Abraham, Isaac, and Abimelech king of Gerar, and it is especially known for the story of Isaac's wells.
Belshazzar's Feast
[Bible]Belshazzar's Feast is the event recorded in Daniel 5, in which handwriting appeared on the wall during a banquet at which Belshazzar, king of Babylon, drank from the vessels of the Temple in Jerusalem and praised idols. The king was slain that same night.
Beth-shemesh
[Bible]Beth-shemesh, meaning "house of the sun," is an Old Testament place name that refers chiefly to a priestly city on the western border of Judah. It was the first place the ark of the covenant reached when the Philistines sent it back, and it was also where Amaziah, king of Judah, was defeated by the northern kingdom of Israel.
Mesha Stele
[History]The Mesha Stele is a basalt monument erected in the mid-ninth century BC by Mesha, king of Moab, to commemorate his victory over Israel. It is known as an ancient extrabiblical record that mentions persons and events connected with 2 Kings 3.
Shiphrah and Puah
[People]Shiphrah and Puah were two Hebrew midwives named in Exodus 1. Because they feared God, they refused to obey the Egyptian king's command to kill Hebrew baby boys.
Titulus Crucis
[Bible]The titulus crucis was the placard stating the charge against Jesus Christ, fastened above him on the cross at his crucifixion. All four Gospels record that it bore the words "the King of the Jews."
Jehoiachin
[People]Jehoiachin was a king of Judah who reigned for about three months before surrendering to Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, and being carried off to Babylon. Scripture also calls him Jeconiah and Coniah.
Necho
[People]Necho was a king (pharaoh) of Egypt in the late seventh century BC. After King Josiah of Judah died at Megiddo in an encounter with him, Necho replaced the king of Judah. He was later defeated by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon at the Battle of Carchemish.
Cushan-rishathaim
[People]Cushan-rishathaim is a king of Mesopotamia who appears in Judges 3. Early in the period of the judges, he ruled over Israel for eight years and was defeated by Othniel, the first judge.
Pharaoh Hophra
[People]Pharaoh Hophra was a king of Egypt during the final years of the kingdom of Judah. He is named only once in the Bible, in Jeremiah 44:30, and is known as the Egyptian king on whom Judah relied in its resistance to Babylon.
Evil-merodach
[People]Evil-merodach was the king of Babylon who succeeded Nebuchadnezzar. The closing portions of 2 Kings and Jeremiah record that in the year he came to the throne he released Jehoiachin, the captive king of Judah, from prison and treated him generously.
Merodach-baladan
[People]Merodach-baladan was a king of Babylon who sent envoys and a present to Judah after hearing that Hezekiah had recovered from his illness. He appears in 2 Kings 20 and Isaiah 39.
Adoni-zedek
[People]Adoni-zedek was a king of Jerusalem during the conquest of Canaan, mentioned in Joshua 10. When Gibeon made peace with Israel, he led a coalition of five Amorite kings against Gibeon, was defeated by Joshua, and was executed at Makkedah.