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Boniface
[People]Boniface (c. 675–754) was an English Benedictine monk and Archbishop of Mainz. A missionary who brought Christianity to the Germanic lands in the eighth century, he is known as the "Apostle of the Germans."
Augustinians
[History]The Augustinians are a Catholic mendicant order that follows the Rule of Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. The order was formed in 1256, when several groups of hermits were united into a single body. It is also known as the order to which Martin Luther belonged as a friar before the Reformation.
Hebrews 9
[Bible]Hebrews 9 compares the tabernacle sacrifices of the first covenant with the sacrifice of Christ. The chapter teaches that Christ entered the heavenly sanctuary once for all by his own blood, obtained eternal redemption, and became the mediator of the new covenant.
Manasseh (son of Joseph)
[People]Manasseh was the firstborn son of Joseph, born in Egypt. Adopted by Jacob as his own son, he became the ancestor of one of the tribes of Israel. He is distinct from Manasseh, king of Judah.
Ephraim
[People]Ephraim was the second son born to Joseph in Egypt. His grandfather Jacob blessed him ahead of his older brother, Manasseh. He was the ancestor of the tribe of Ephraim, and in the prophetic books his name is also used for the northern kingdom of Israel.
Ezra 7:10
[Bible Verses]This verse records that Ezra had set his heart to seek the law of the LORD, to do it, and to teach it in Israel. Because it presents the sequence of study, practice, and teaching, it is frequently cited in discussions of the proper disposition of ministers of the Word and of teachers.
Hebrews 3
[Bible]Hebrews 3 presents Jesus as the Son over God's house, greater than Moses. Quoting Psalm 95, it exhorts readers not to harden their hearts, lest, like the wilderness generation, they fail through unbelief to enter God's rest.
Josephus
[People]Josephus (c. 37 – c. 100) was a first-century Jewish historian. He wrote The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews, and his works are among the extrabiblical sources most frequently consulted in studying the background of the New Testament.
Ceremonial Law
[Doctrine & Theology]Ceremonial law is a theological term for the part of the Mosaic law that governed Israel's worship and religious rites, including the regulations concerning sacrifices, feasts, circumcision, food, and purity.
Huldrych Zwingli
[People]Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) was a reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland. He is regarded as the starting point of the Reformed tradition, including Presbyterianism, and is known for the "memorial view" of the Lord's Supper, which understands the sacrament as a rite commemorating the death of Christ.
Hanamel
[People]Hanamel was a cousin of the prophet Jeremiah who appears in Jeremiah 32. While Jerusalem was under Babylonian siege, he sold his field in Anathoth to Jeremiah.
Martin Bucer
[People]Martin Bucer (1491–1551) was a German reformer who led the Reformation in Strasbourg. He labored throughout his life to reconcile the divided Reformation camps and influenced the development of Calvinism and of Anglican worship.
Leo XIII
[People]Leo XIII (1810–1903) was the 256th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903. He is known for promulgating the encyclical Rerum Novarum (1891) on the labor question, which established the starting point of Catholic social teaching.
Isaiah 24
[Bible]Isaiah 24 is a prophecy depicting the LORD judging the whole earth and laying it waste, and then reigning as King on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem. It is the first chapter of the unit comprising Isaiah 24–27.
Jeremiah 20
[Bible]Jeremiah 20 recounts how Pashur, the official in charge of the temple, struck Jeremiah and put him in the stocks. It also records the complaint and confession of trust that Jeremiah poured out to God amid his suffering, followed by his lament cursing the day of his birth.
Thomas Müntzer
[People]Thomas Müntzer (c. 1489–1525) was a radical reformer of the German Reformation. He initially followed Martin Luther but later broke with him, and in 1525 he led peasant forces in the German Peasants' War before being executed.
Jan Hus
[People]Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415) was a theologian and preacher from Bohemia (the present-day Czech Republic). After advocating church reform, he was condemned as a heretic at the Council of Constance in 1415 and burned at the stake. Protestants regard him as a forerunner of the Reformation.
Desmond Tutu
[People]Desmond Tutu (1931–2021) was a South African Anglican archbishop. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his opposition to apartheid, the system of racial segregation, and served as chairman of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Living Stone
[Bible]"Living stone" is a metaphor in 1 Peter 2:4–5 that refers both to Jesus Christ and to those who believe in him. It describes believers as stones built upon Christ into a "spiritual house."
François Fénelon
[People]François Fénelon (1651–1715) was a French Catholic theologian, writer, and Archbishop of Cambrai. He is known for spiritual writings that emphasize "pure love" for God. In Korea, his books have also been translated and read by Protestants.