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Carmelites
[History]The Carmelites are a Catholic religious order that originated in a community of hermits on Mount Carmel in the twelfth century. The order's life centers on contemplative prayer: remaining in silence before God and gazing upon him.
Papal States
[History]The Papal States were the territories in central Italy that the pope ruled directly as a temporal sovereign from 756 to 1870. They are regarded as the predecessor of present-day Vatican City, which was established by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.
German Church Struggle
[History]The German Church Struggle refers to the conflicts experienced by the churches in Germany during the Nazi era (1933–1945). In the narrower sense, it denotes the struggle between the pro-Nazi "German Christian" movement and the opposing Confessing Church over control of German Protestantism and its confession of faith.
Cistercians
[History]The Cistercians are a Catholic religious order founded in 1098 at Cîteaux, France. The order arose from a monastic reform movement that sought to observe the Rule of Saint Benedict more strictly.
Trappists
[History]The Trappists are a Catholic religious order that arose in 1664 when Rancé, abbot of La Trappe Abbey in France, reformed the Cistercians. Officially named the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance, the order is known for a strictly cloistered monastic life centered on prayer, silence, and labor.
Independent Presbytery (Dongnohoe)
[History]The Independent Presbytery (Dongnohoe) was the first presbytery of the Korean Presbyterian Church, organized on September 17, 1907, at Jangdaehyeon Church in Pyongyang. At its first meeting the first seven Korean ministers were ordained. Until the General Assembly was established in 1912, it served as the highest governing body of the entire Korean Presbyterian Church.
WCC Busan Assembly
[History]The Tenth Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC), held from October 30 to November 8, 2013, at BEXCO in Busan, South Korea, under the theme "God of Life, Lead Us to Justice and Peace."
Released Prisoner Saints
[History]The Released Prisoner Saints were Korean Protestant believers who had been imprisoned for refusing Shinto shrine worship during the final years of Japanese colonial rule and who were freed when Korea was liberated in August 1945. Immediately after liberation, they called for repentance over shrine worship and for the rebuilding of the church.
History of Methodism in Korea
[History]The history of Methodism in Korea began in 1884, when the American Methodist missionary Robert Maclay received permission from King Gojong to begin mission work. The church then went through the union of its northern and southern Methodist branches, trials under Japanese colonial rule, and division and reunification after liberation before becoming today's Korean Methodist Church.
Presbyterian Church of Chosen
[History]The Presbyterian Church of Chosen was the first General Assembly organization of Korean Presbyterianism, formed in Pyongyang in September 1912 by seven presbyteries. It was renamed the Presbyterian Church in Korea in 1949, and many Presbyterian denominations today regard it as their common root.
Kidok Shinmun
[Institutions]The Kidok Shinmun (Christian Newspaper) is the denominational newspaper published by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong). First published on January 4, 1965, it now appears under the title The Weekly Kidok Shinmun.
Preexistence of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The preexistence of Christ is the Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ existed with the Father before his human birth and before creation.
Mediation of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The mediation of Christ is the Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ stands between God and humanity, reconciles the two, and continues to intercede for believers. Protestants confess Christ as the sole mediator.
Kingship of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The kingship of Christ is the doctrine that Jesus Christ, as King, rules over the church and the whole world. Protestant theology describes it as one of the three offices of Christ, alongside the prophetic and priestly offices.
Psalm 42
[Bible]Psalm 42, a psalm of the sons of Korah that opens Book II of the Psalter, is a lament in which the psalmist, separated from temple worship, longs for God as a deer pants for streams of water and urges his own downcast soul to hope in God.
New Homiletic
[Doctrine & Theology]The New Homiletic is a movement in preaching theory that arose in North America in the late 1960s. Rather than following traditional preaching that logically unfolds propositions, it emphasizes inductive development and narrative structure so that listeners may experience the Word.
Great Sea
[Bible]The Great Sea is a biblical place name for the present-day Mediterranean Sea, which lies west of the land of Canaan. The name appears mainly in passages that describe the western boundary of the Promised Land.
Plain of Shinar
[Bible]The plain of Shinar is the land in the Old Testament where Babel and the Tower of Babel were built. It is generally identified with southern Mesopotamia, the region later known as Babylonia.
Beast (Book of Revelation)
[Bible]In the Book of Revelation, the beast is a figure that receives authority from the dragon (Satan) and symbolizes the powers that oppose God and His saints. The best-known forms are the beast from the sea and the beast from the earth, and interpreters remain divided over their identity.
Word of Wisdom
[Bible]The word of wisdom is the first of the gifts of the Holy Spirit that Paul lists in 1 Corinthians 12:8. It refers to the gift of communicating in speech the wisdom the Holy Spirit gives. Its precise content is understood differently across traditions and denominations.