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Epic of Gilgamesh
[History]The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem recounting the quest of Gilgamesh, a king of ancient Mesopotamia, for eternal life. Because its flood story resembles the account of Noah's flood in Genesis, it is frequently discussed in biblical studies.
Nabonidus Cylinder
[History]The Nabonidus Cylinder is a cuneiform clay cylinder inscription left by Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The cylinder from Ur bears the name of his eldest son, Belshazzar, and is therefore frequently discussed in studies of the Book of Daniel.
City of David
[Bible]The City of David is the name King David gave to the stronghold of Zion after capturing it from the Jebusites. It designates the oldest quarter of Jerusalem, on the city's southeastern hill. In the New Testament, the Gospel of Luke uses the same expression for Bethlehem, David's hometown.
Samaria
[Bible]Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel in the Old Testament; in the New Testament period, the name refers to the region lying between Judea and Galilee.
Brook Cherith
[Bible]The Brook Cherith is a stream near the Jordan River where, according to 1 Kings 17, the prophet Elijah hid at God's command during a drought and was sustained by food that ravens brought to him.
Brook Cherith
[Bible]The Brook Cherith is a brook near the Jordan River where the prophet Elijah hid at God's command when a drought began during the reign of King Ahab of the northern kingdom of Israel. There he was sustained by food that ravens brought him. The account appears in 1 Kings 17.
Armoni
[People]Armoni was the son of King Saul by his concubine Rizpah. During a famine in the reign of David, he was handed over to the Gibeonites and executed along with six other descendants of Saul, including his brother Mephibosheth (2 Samuel 21:8–9).
Syro-Ephraimite War
[Bible]A war in the late eighth century BC in which Rezin, king of Aram (Syria), and Pekah, king of the northern kingdom of Israel (Ephraim), joined forces to attack Ahaz, king of Judah. The Immanuel prophecy of Isaiah 7 was given during this crisis.
Nisroch
[Bible]In the Old Testament, Nisroch is the name of the god worshiped by the Assyrian king Sennacherib. According to the biblical account, Sennacherib was killed by two of his sons while worshiping in the temple of Nisroch.
2 Chronicles 24
[Bible]This chapter covers the reign of King Joash of Judah. It records how he repaired the temple while the priest Jehoiada was alive, how he turned to idolatry after Jehoiada's death and had Jehoiada's son Zechariah stoned to death, and how Joash met his end.
2 Chronicles 32
[Bible]2 Chronicles 32 records the Assyrian king Sennacherib's invasion of Judah and the deliverance of Jerusalem; Hezekiah's illness, pride, and repentance; and his achievements and death.
Imlah
[People]Imlah was the father of Micaiah, a prophet in the time of King Ahab of the northern kingdom of Israel. He appears in Scripture only four times, always in the phrase "Micaiah the son of Imlah."
Amos 5
[Bible]Amos 5 anticipates the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel in the form of a funeral song (lament) and calls the people to repentance with the words "Seek ye me, and ye shall live." It rebukes worship devoid of justice and demands, "let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream."
Amos 8
[Bible]Amos 8 announces the "end" of the northern kingdom of Israel through the vision of a basket of summer fruit, indicts those who cheat the poor, and foretells a day of judgment when the sun goes down at noon, along with a famine of hearing the words of the LORD.
Black Obelisk
[History]The Black Obelisk is a black limestone monument that records the military campaigns of the ancient Assyrian king Shalmaneser III and the tribute he received. It includes a scene of Jehu, king of the northern kingdom of Israel, bowing before the Assyrian king and presenting tribute.
Cyrus Cylinder
[History]The Cyrus Cylinder is a clay cylinder inscribed in cuneiform, made after the Persian king Cyrus II conquered Babylon in 539 BC. Because it justifies the conquest and describes a policy of returning divine images and displaced peoples to their homes, it is frequently cited alongside the biblical accounts of the return from exile.
Shalmaneser III
[People]Shalmaneser III was a king of Assyria in the ninth century BC. Because his inscriptions name the Israelite kings Ahab and Jehu, they serve as an important extrabiblical source for the study of the period covered by the books of Kings.
Sharezer
[People]Sharezer is a son of the Assyrian king Sennacherib mentioned in the Old Testament. With his brother Adrammelech, he killed his father with the sword in a temple and then fled to the land of Ararat.
2 Chronicles 18
[Bible]This chapter recounts how Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, joins Ahab, king of Israel, in the battle for Ramoth-gilead. Unlike the four hundred prophets, the prophet Micaiah foretells defeat, and Ahab, who fights in disguise, is struck by an arrow and dies.
Isaiah 11
[Bible]Isaiah 11 is a prophecy of a righteous king who will come forth from the stem of Jesse, a kingdom of peace in which wild and domestic animals live together, and the return of scattered Israel.