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Madaba Map
[History]The Madaba Map is a sixth-century Byzantine mosaic map preserved in the floor of the Church of Saint George in Madaba, Jordan. It is known as the oldest surviving original map of the Holy Land.
Source Criticism
[Doctrine & Theology]Source criticism is a method of biblical study that seeks to identify and distinguish the earlier sources (documents or traditions) that appear to have been used in the composition of biblical texts. It is classified as a branch of historical criticism.
Philip Melanchthon
[People]Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560) was a German Reformer and humanist scholar. The closest colleague of Martin Luther, he wrote the Loci Communes, regarded as the first Protestant systematic theology, and the Augsburg Confession.
John Wycliffe
[People]John Wycliffe (c. 1330–1384) was an English theologian, philosopher, and church reformer. He led the effort to produce the first translation of the entire Bible into English and is regarded as a forerunner of the Reformation for his advocacy of church reform.
Matthew Henry
[People]Matthew Henry (1662–1714) was an English Nonconformist Presbyterian minister and biblical commentator. He wrote the *Exposition of the Old and New Testaments*, commonly known as *Matthew Henry's Commentary*, which is regarded as a classic of devotional commentary.
John Owen
[People]John Owen (1616–1683) was an English Puritan theologian and pastor. A leading representative of the Congregationalists (Independents), he served as vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford. He is widely known for his works on sanctification, the life of growing in holiness, such as *The Mortification of Sin*.
George Fox
[People]George Fox (1624–1691) was an English itinerant preacher who founded the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers. He emphasized the "Inner Light" received without the mediation of clergy, silent worship, and pacifism.
Samuel Rutherford
[People]Samuel Rutherford (c. 1600–1661) was a seventeenth-century Scottish Presbyterian minister and theologian. He attended the Westminster Assembly as a commissioner of the Church of Scotland and is known for his work of political theory, *Lex, Rex*, and for his collected letters.
William Booth
[People]William Booth (1829–1912) was an English former Methodist minister who, together with his wife Catherine Booth, founded The Salvation Army and served as its first General.
George Whitefield
[People]George Whitefield (1714–1770) was a priest of the Church of England and an itinerant preacher. He is regarded as one of the figures who sparked the eighteenth-century Great Awakening through his open-air preaching in Britain and the North American colonies, and he was a leader of Calvinistic Methodism.
Isaac Watts
[People]Isaac Watts (1674–1748) was an English Congregational minister, hymn writer, and theologian. The author of about 750 hymns, he is known as the "Father of English Hymnody."
R. A. Torrey
[People]R. A. Torrey (1856–1928) was an American Congregational minister, revivalist, educator, and author. He worked alongside Dwight L. Moody, served as the first superintendent of the Moody Bible Institute, and later became dean of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles.
David Livingstone
[People]David Livingstone (1813–1873) was a Scottish Congregationalist medical missionary and explorer. Serving with the London Missionary Society, he explored the interior of Africa and is known as a leading opponent of the slave trade.
Oral Roberts
[People]Oral Roberts (1918–2009) was an American Pentecostal and charismatic healing evangelist. He became widely known through his tent meetings and television broadcasts, and he founded Oral Roberts University. In Korean Protestantism he is regarded as a major influence on David Yonggi Cho.
Cornelius Van Til
[People]Cornelius Van Til was a Dutch-born American Reformed theologian. He taught apologetics for many years at Westminster Theological Seminary and is known as a leading proponent of presuppositional apologetics.
Friedrich Schleiermacher
[People]Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834) was a German Protestant theologian and philosopher. He defined the essence of religion as "the feeling of absolute dependence" and is known as the "father of modern theology" and the "father of liberal theology."
Albrecht Ritschl
[People]Albrecht Ritschl (1822–1889) was a German Lutheran theologian who taught at Bonn and Göttingen. He built a theological system centered on justification, reconciliation, and the kingdom of God, and he is regarded as a leading representative of late nineteenth-century liberal theology.
Adolf von Harnack
[People]Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930) was a German Protestant theologian and church historian. The author of the *History of Dogma* and *What Is Christianity?*, he is regarded as a leading representative of liberal theology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Genesis 22
[Bible]Genesis 22 recounts how Abraham, at God's command, sets out to offer his son Isaac as a burnt offering on a mountain in the land of Moriah. He is stopped, offers a ram in Isaac's place, and receives a renewed promise of blessing. The chapter ends with a list of Nahor's descendants.
Hans Küng
[People]Hans Küng (1928–2021) was a Swiss Catholic priest and theologian. After he criticized the doctrine of papal infallibility, the Holy See revoked his authorization to teach as a Catholic theologian in 1979. He was widely known for his work in ecumenism and interreligious dialogue and for the Global Ethic Project.