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Excommunication
[Organization & Polity]Excommunication is the most severe stage of church discipline, in which the church removes an unrepentant member who has sinned from the church community and revokes that person's membership.
Maundy Thursday
[Feasts & Seasons]Maundy Thursday is the Thursday immediately before Easter. A Holy Week observance, it commemorates the Last Supper that Jesus shared with his disciples, at which he instituted the Lord's Supper and washed the disciples' feet.
Messianic Secret
[Doctrine & Theology]The Messianic Secret is a term in New Testament studies for the scenes in the Gospel of Mark in which Jesus repeatedly commands others not to reveal that he is the Messiah. The German theologian William Wrede named the motif in the early twentieth century, and it has since become a major theme in Gospel research.
Sermon on the Plain
[Bible]The Sermon on the Plain is the teaching recorded in Luke 6:17–49, which Jesus delivered to his disciples and the crowds after he chose the twelve disciples, came down from the mountain, and stood on a level place. Much of its content overlaps with the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew.
Two Witnesses
[Bible]The Two Witnesses are two prophetic figures in Revelation 11 who prophesy for 1,260 days, are killed by the beast, and then come back to life and ascend to heaven. Interpreters differ over who they are.
Hardness of Heart
[Doctrine & Theology]Hardness of heart is a biblical expression for a state in which the heart has become hardened and obstinate against the word and will of God. It appears most prominently in the account of Pharaoh in the Book of Exodus.
Table of Nations
[Bible]The Table of Nations is the list of the descendants of Noah's three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, recorded in Genesis 10. Arranged in genealogical form, the passage describes how the various peoples spread across the earth after the Flood.
Works of the Flesh
[Bible]The works of the flesh are a catalog of sins that the apostle Paul lists in Galatians 5:19–21 in contrast to the fruit of the Spirit. The list includes sexual immorality, idolatry, strife, and drunkenness, among other items, and closes with "and such like." The New Korean Revised Version renders it as fifteen items.
Armenian Apostolic Church
[Denominations]The Armenian Apostolic Church is the traditional church of the Armenian people. It belongs to the Oriental Orthodox family of churches, which did not accept the Christological definition of the Council of Chalcedon. It traces its origins to the tradition that the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew founded it.
Nathan's Parable
[Bible]Nathan's parable is the story of a poor man's ewe lamb, told by the prophet Nathan to convict David of his sin after David lay with Bathsheba and caused the death of her husband Uriah (2 Samuel 12:1-4).
Theodicy
[Doctrine & Theology]Theodicy is the theological and philosophical discussion that seeks to vindicate the righteousness of God by answering why evil and suffering exist in the world if God is good and omnipotent.
Acts of Peter
[Bible]The Acts of Peter is a New Testament apocryphal work generally dated to the late second century. It recounts how the apostle Peter contended with Simon Magus in Rome and was martyred by being crucified upside down.
Song of Simeon
[Worship & Rites]The Song of Simeon is Simeon's hymn of praise recorded in Luke 2:29–32. Also known as the Nunc Dimittis, from its opening words in Latin, it has been sung in many church traditions at evening prayer and in Communion and funeral services.
Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin
[Bible]Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin is the Aramaic inscription that the fingers of a man's hand wrote on the palace wall during the feast of Belshazzar, king of Babylon, in Daniel 5. Daniel interpreted it as God's declaration of judgment: the kingdom had come to an end and would be divided.
Discipleship
[Christian Life]Discipleship is the path of following and learning from Jesus Christ as his disciple and living according to his teaching, or the way of life that results from doing so.
Antiochene School
[Doctrine & Theology]The Antiochene School was an early church theological tradition centered in Antioch in Syria during the fourth and fifth centuries that emphasized the literal and historical meaning of Scripture and the true humanity of Christ.
Monophysitism
[Doctrine & Theology]Monophysitism is the Christological position that in the incarnate Jesus Christ the divine and human natures are united into a single nature. The Council of Chalcedon rejected it in 451 and confessed "two natures, one person" as orthodox teaching.
Apostolic Succession
[Doctrine & Theology]Apostolic succession is the teaching that the authority and offices of the Church have been handed down without interruption from the apostles of Jesus Christ. Denominations differ on whether this succession is primarily a succession of office or a succession of teaching.
Preterism
[Doctrine & Theology]Preterism is an interpretive approach holding that most of the prophecies of Revelation and of Jesus' end-time discourse were already fulfilled in the first century, particularly around the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70.
Liberation Theology
[Doctrine & Theology]Liberation theology is a theological movement that arose in the Latin American Catholic Church in the late 1960s. It reads the Bible from the standpoint of the poor and oppressed and understands salvation as encompassing social and political liberation.