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Passive Obedience
[Doctrine & Theology]Passive obedience is a theological term for the obedience by which Jesus Christ, in the place of sinners, bore the penalty of sin through his suffering and death on the cross. It is paired with active obedience, by which he kept the law perfectly.
Substitutionary Atonement of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The substitutionary atonement of Christ is the Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ, by dying on the cross, paid in humanity's place the price of sin that people owed and delivered them from sin and death. It is often called simply substitutionary atonement.
Humanity of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The humanity of Christ is the doctrine that Jesus Christ is a true human being, possessing a body and a soul yet without sin; together with his divinity, it forms the core of Christology.
Preexistence of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The preexistence of Christ is the Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ existed with the Father before his human birth and before creation.
Personhood of the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]The personhood of the Holy Spirit is the Christian doctrine that the Holy Spirit is not an impersonal force but a personal being with intellect, emotion, and will, and that He is one of the persons of the triune God.
Work of the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]The work of the Holy Spirit is a comprehensive term for what the Holy Spirit, one person of the triune God, does in creation and revelation, in the application of salvation, in the sanctification of believers, and in the building up of the church.
Mediation of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The mediation of Christ is the Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ stands between God and humanity, reconciles the two, and continues to intercede for believers. Protestants confess Christ as the sole mediator.
Prophetic Office of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The prophetic office of Christ is the office by which Jesus Christ reveals and makes known to humanity the will of God and the way of salvation. Together with his priestly and kingly offices, it constitutes the threefold office (munus triplex) of Christ.
Kingship of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The kingship of Christ is the doctrine that Jesus Christ, as King, rules over the church and the whole world. Protestant theology describes it as one of the three offices of Christ, alongside the prophetic and priestly offices.
Witness of the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]The witness of the Holy Spirit is the doctrine that the Holy Spirit confirms truth in the hearts of believers. It refers chiefly to the Spirit's testimony that believers are children of God and to the Spirit's work of assuring them that Scripture is the Word of God.
Priesthood of Christ
[Doctrine & Theology]The priesthood of Christ is the teaching that Jesus Christ offered his own body once for all as a sacrifice to atone for sin and that he continues to intercede for believers before God. Together with his prophetic and kingly offices, it forms the threefold office of Christ.
Guidance of the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]The guidance of the Holy Spirit is the Christian teaching that the Holy Spirit directs believers' thoughts, judgments, and the course of their lives.
Indwelling of the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]The indwelling of the Holy Spirit is the teaching that the Holy Spirit dwells within those who believe in Christ. It is treated as a basis of the believer's identity and sanctification, and denominations differ in how they understand its relationship to the baptism with the Holy Spirit and the filling of the Spirit.
Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is the sin of reviling the Holy Spirit, which Jesus said "shall not be forgiven." Denominations and theologians differ on what exactly this sin is.
Filling of the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]The filling of the Holy Spirit is the state in which a believer is fully under the guidance and control of the Holy Spirit, or the experience of entering that state.
Sealing of the Holy Spirit
[Doctrine & Theology]The sealing of the Holy Spirit is the New Testament teaching that God gives the Holy Spirit to believers to mark them as His own possession and to guarantee their salvation. It is also called the seal of the Spirit.
Intelligent Design
[Doctrine & Theology]Intelligent design is the claim that certain features of living things and the universe are better explained by an "intelligent cause" than by undirected natural processes. It took shape as a movement in the United States in the 1990s.
Glorification
[Doctrine & Theology]Glorification is the final stage of salvation, in which God completely frees believers from sin and death and conforms them to the glorious likeness of Christ. The term means "being made glorious."
Gap Theory
[Doctrine & Theology]The gap theory is an interpretation of Genesis that holds that a long interval of time elapsed between the original creation in Genesis 1:1 and the condition described in Genesis 1:2. It is also called the "ruin-reconstruction theory."
Election
[Doctrine & Theology]Election is the Christian doctrine that God chooses those whom he will save; it forms part of the doctrine of predestination. Calvinism and Arminianism differ in their understanding of the basis on which God makes this choice.