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Baptism by Sprinkling and by Immersion
[Controversies]A debate over whether the biblical mode of baptism is sprinkling or pouring water on the head or submerging the whole body in water. In Korean Protestant usage, the same Greek word is rendered by two different terms: Presbyterians, Methodists, and others use a term meaning a rite of washing, while Baptists and others use a term meaning a rite of immersion.
Ancestral Rites and Memorial Services
[Controversies]The question of whether ancestral rites should be forbidden as idolatry or regarded as a cultural expression of filial piety. Korean Protestant churches have prohibited ancestral rites and have instead held memorial services.
The Church and Politics
[Controversies]The question of how the church and individual Christians should engage in politics. Views differ on the meaning of the separation of church and state, the boundary between preaching and political speech, and the proper forms of the church's social engagement.
The Church and the Democratization Movement
[History]The church and the democratization movement refers to the activities of South Korean Protestants who, on the basis of their faith, called for the restoration of human rights and democracy under the military governments of the 1970s and 1980s. Pastors and young people from denominations affiliated with the National Council of Churches in Korea (NCCK) were at its center.
The Korean War and the Church
[History]This article covers the losses suffered by Korean Protestantism during the Korean War (1950–1953) and its responses to them. It addresses the changes the war brought to the Korean church, including the deaths of believers and the destruction of churches, refugee flight and relief work, the establishment of the military chaplaincy, and the division of the Presbyterian Church.
COVID-19 and the Church
[History]COVID-19 and the Church covers the experience of churches in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2020. Its principal topics are cluster outbreaks, government restrictions on in-person worship, the shift to online worship, and legal disputes over religious freedom.
Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary
[Institutions]Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary (PUTS), commonly abbreviated in Korean as Jangsindae, is the theological university of the Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap). It is located in Gwangjin District, Seoul. The school is regarded as having originated in a theology class begun in Pyongyang in 1901 by the missionary Samuel A. Moffett.
The Death Penalty and the Church
[Controversies]The death penalty and the church is the debate over how the church should evaluate, in light of Scripture and the Christian faith, the state's practice of putting criminals to death. Both those who favor retaining capital punishment and those who favor abolishing it draw support from Scripture and church tradition.
Pillar of Cloud and Pillar of Fire
[Bible]The pillar of cloud and the pillar of fire were a miracle of the Exodus in which God led the Israelites by going before them as a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. They first appear in Exodus 13.
Wilderness of Sin and Wilderness of Zin
[Bible]The Old Testament mentions two distinct wildernesses whose Hebrew names differ: the Wilderness of Sin (Hebrew *Sin*) near Mount Sinai, where the manna fell, and the Wilderness of Zin (Hebrew *Tsin*) near Kadesh on the southern border of Canaan. The Korean New Korean Revised Version renders both with the same name.
Veil (Tabernacle and Temple)
[Bible]The veil was the curtain that separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place in the tabernacle and the Jerusalem temple. The Gospels record that the veil of the temple was torn when Jesus died on the cross.
Peace Offering and Propitiation
[Bible]The peace offering of the Old Testament book of Leviticus and the New Testament presentation of Christ as the offering that deals with sin are distinct biblical concepts. The New Korean Revised Version of the Bible renders both with a single term, although the original-language words behind the two uses differ.
Land Flowing with Milk and Honey
[Bible]An Old Testament idiom describing the abundance of the land of Canaan, which God promised to give to Israel. It first appears in Exodus 3:8 and recurs throughout the Pentateuch and the Prophets.
Pillar of Fire and Pillar of Cloud
[Bible]A sign during the Exodus in which the LORD led the people of Israel through the wilderness, going before them by day in a pillar of cloud and by night in a pillar of fire. It symbolizes God's presence and guidance.
The Korean Church and Confucianism
[History]The Korean church and Confucianism refers to the history of how Christianity, after entering the Neo-Confucian society of Joseon, clashed with and adapted to Confucian ancestral rites and the ethic of filial piety. Central to this history are the Catholic prohibition of ancestral rites and the persecutions that followed, as well as the Protestant prohibition of ancestral rites and the emergence of the memorial service.
Old Man and New Man
[Bible]"Old man" and "new man" are expressions from the Pauline epistles. Using the image of taking off and putting on clothing, they contrast the person under the dominion of sin before faith in Christ with the person newly created in Christ.
Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments
[Bible]The relationship between the Old and New Testaments concerns how the two parts of the Christian Bible are connected to and distinguished from each other. It is commonly described as a relationship of promise and fulfillment, and denominations differ in whether they place greater emphasis on continuity or on distinction.
Fruit of the Knowledge of Good and Evil
[Bible]The fruit of the knowledge of good and evil is the fruit of the "tree of the knowledge of good and evil," which stood in the midst of the Garden of Eden. God commanded that it not be eaten, and Adam and Eve's eating of it is read in Scripture as the beginning of humanity's fall.
Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego
[People]Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were young men of Judah taken captive to Babylon and the three companions of Daniel. They refused to bow down to King Nebuchadnezzar's golden image, were thrown into a fiery furnace, and came out alive.
Shem, Ham, and Japheth
[People]Shem, Ham, and Japheth were the three sons of Noah. After surviving the Flood, they are presented in Genesis 10 as the ancestors of many nations. The line of Shem leads to Abraham.