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Ahasuerus
[People]Ahasuerus is the king of Persia who appears in the Old Testament Book of Esther. He made Esther his queen, and many scholars identify him with the Persian king Xerxes I.
Shalmaneser III
[People]Shalmaneser III was a king of Assyria in the ninth century BC. Because his inscriptions name the Israelite kings Ahab and Jehu, they serve as an important extrabiblical source for the study of the period covered by the books of Kings.
Ahab and Jezebel
[People]Ahab was a king of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the ninth century BC, and Jezebel, a native of Sidon, was his queen. The books of Kings record them as the rulers who introduced Baal worship and opposed the prophet Elijah.
Cyrus
[People]Cyrus, known in general history as Cyrus II or Cyrus the Great, was a king of the ancient Persian Empire. The Bible records him as the ruler who permitted the people of Judah held captive in Babylon to return to their homeland and rebuild the temple in Jerusalem.
Nebuchadnezzar
[People]Nebuchadnezzar was king of the Babylonian (Neo-Babylonian) Empire. He destroyed Jerusalem and its temple and carried the people of Judah into captivity. In the Book of Daniel, he is a central figure in the accounts of his dreams and the fiery furnace.
Hamutal
[People]Hamutal was the wife of King Josiah of Judah and the mother of Kings Jehoahaz and Zedekiah. She is identified as the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah, and her name appears in the Bible only in the accession records of her two sons.
Achbor
[People]Achbor was an official under King Josiah of Judah and a member of the delegation sent to the prophetess Huldah to inquire about the book of the law found in the temple. The same name also belongs to the father of Baal-hanan, a king of Edom.
Armoni
[People]Armoni was the son of King Saul by his concubine Rizpah. During a famine in the reign of David, he was handed over to the Gibeonites and executed along with six other descendants of Saul, including his brother Mephibosheth (2 Samuel 21:8–9).
Absalom
[People]Absalom was the third son of King David, an Old Testament figure who rebelled against his father in an attempt to seize the throne and was killed in battle. His story is recorded chiefly in 2 Samuel.
1 Samuel 15:23-24
[Bible Verses]In this passage the prophet Samuel tells King Saul, who had disobeyed God's command, that rebellion is comparable to divination and idolatry and that Saul has been rejected from the kingship. Saul then confesses his sin, saying that he feared the people. The passage is frequently cited in discussions of obedience and repentance.
Jeroboam II
[People]Jeroboam II was the fourth king of the Jehu dynasty in the northern kingdom of Israel and the son of Joash. He recovered much lost territory and presided over a period of prosperity, but the contemporary prophets Amos and Hosea condemned the injustice and false worship that lay beneath that prosperity.
Alexander the Great
[People]Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) was a king of ancient Macedonia who overthrew the Persian Empire and built an empire stretching from Greece to the Indus River. The Greek language and culture spread by his conquests formed the backdrop of the intertestamental period and the New Testament era.
Adrammelech
[People]Adrammelech was a son of the Assyrian king Sennacherib. Together with his brother Sharezer, he killed his father with the sword while the king was worshiping in a temple, and then fled to the land of Ararat.
Zebidah
[People]Zebidah was a wife of King Josiah of Judah and the mother of King Jehoiakim. She is named only once, in 2 Kings 23:36, where she is identified as the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.
Gadi
[People]Gadi was the father of Menahem, king of the northern kingdom of Israel. He appears only twice, both times in 2 Kings 15, where his son is introduced as "Menahem the son of Gadi."
Haman
[People]Haman was a high official of the Persian king Ahasuerus in the Old Testament book of Esther. Driven by a grudge against Mordecai, he sought to destroy all the Jews in the empire, but his plot was exposed and he was executed.
Ashpenaz
[People]Ashpenaz is the chief of the eunuchs under Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, in Daniel 1. He was responsible for educating and overseeing Daniel and his three friends, who had been carried off from Judah, at the royal court.
Cyrus Cylinder
[History]The Cyrus Cylinder is a clay cylinder inscribed in cuneiform, made after the Persian king Cyrus II conquered Babylon in 539 BC. Because it justifies the conquest and describes a policy of returning divine images and displaced peoples to their homes, it is frequently cited alongside the biblical accounts of the return from exile.
Gregory the Illuminator
[People]Gregory the Illuminator converted the king of Armenia in the early fourth century, leading Armenia to adopt Christianity as its state religion. He is venerated as the first head of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Nabonidus Cylinder
[History]The Nabonidus Cylinder is a cuneiform clay cylinder inscription left by Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The cylinder from Ur bears the name of his eldest son, Belshazzar, and is therefore frequently discussed in studies of the Book of Daniel.