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Pietism
[History]Pietism was a movement of spiritual renewal that arose within the German Lutheran Church in the late seventeenth century. It emphasized personal piety and the practice of faith in daily life over doctrinal knowledge, as well as small-group Bible meetings in which laypeople took part.
Neo-Babylonian Empire
[History]The Neo-Babylonian Empire was a Mesopotamian state founded by Nabopolassar in 626 BC and conquered by Cyrus of Persia in 539 BC. In the Bible it appears as "Babylon," the power that destroyed Judah and carried its people into captivity.
Third Council of Constantinople
[History]The Third Council of Constantinople was a council held from 680 to 681 in Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. It declared that Christ possesses both a divine will and a human will, condemned Monothelitism, and is counted as the sixth ecumenical council.
Abolitionist Movement
[History]The abolitionist movement was a social movement of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that sought to end the slave trade and slavery by law. In Britain, Quakers, evangelical Anglicans, and Methodists were at the center of the movement.
Evil-merodach
[People]Evil-merodach was the king of Babylon who succeeded Nebuchadnezzar. The closing portions of 2 Kings and Jeremiah record that in the year he came to the throne he released Jehoiachin, the captive king of Judah, from prison and treated him generously.
Elah (King of Israel)
[People]Elah was a king of the northern kingdom of Israel and the son of Baasha. According to 1 Kings 16, he reigned for two years and was killed by his servant Zimri while drunk. His death brought the dynasty of Baasha to an end.
Zimri (King of Israel)
[People]Zimri was a king of the northern kingdom of Israel who killed King Elah and reigned seven days in Tirzah. When Omri besieged him, he set the palace on fire and died inside it (1 Kings 16).
Counter-Reformation
[History]The Counter-Reformation was the movement of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which the Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation and renewed itself from within. The Council of Trent and the work of the Jesuits were central to it.
Zechariah 5
[Bible]Zechariah 5 contains the sixth and seventh of Zechariah's night visions: a flying scroll that punishes thieves and those who swear falsely, and a woman called "Wickedness" who is placed in an ephah basket and carried away to the land of Shinar.
Textus Receptus
[Bible]The Textus Receptus (Latin for "received text") is the name given to the printed editions of the Greek New Testament produced during the Reformation era of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It served as the basis for the New Testament in the King James Version and other early Protestant translations.
Exodus 9
[Bible]Exodus 9 records the fifth (the plague on livestock), sixth (boils), and seventh (hail) of the ten plagues. Pharaoh confesses his wrongdoing, yet once the hail stops he hardens his heart again.
Iconoclastic Controversy
[History]The Iconoclastic Controversy was a theological and political dispute in the Byzantine Empire during the eighth and ninth centuries over whether it was legitimate to make and venerate images (icons) of Christ and the saints. It was largely settled with the restoration of icon veneration in 843.
Holy Convocation
[Bible]A holy convocation was a sacred assembly in which the people of Israel were called together on days appointed by God to rest from work and to worship. Leviticus 23 sets out the holy convocations of the Sabbath and of the annual feasts.
Moon Joon-kyung
[People]Moon Joon-kyung (1891–1950) was a woman evangelist of the Holiness Church who ministered in the island region of Sinan, South Jeolla Province, Korea. Killed on the island of Jeungdo during the Korean War, she is honored as a martyr and is known as "the mother of island missions."
Tiras
[People]Tiras was a grandson of Noah and a son of Japheth. His name appears only in the genealogies of Genesis 10 and 1 Chronicles 1, and nothing is recorded about his life.
Jürgen Moltmann
[People]Jürgen Moltmann (1926–2024) was a German Protestant systematic theologian. Known for *Theology of Hope* and *The Crucified God*, he is regarded as one of the leading theologians of the late twentieth century.
A. W. Tozer
[People]A. W. Tozer (1897–1963) was an American pastor and author in the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA). He is widely known for books emphasizing a deep relationship with God, such as *The Pursuit of God* and *The Knowledge of the Holy*.
Watchman Nee
[People]Watchman Nee (Ni Tuosheng, 1903–1972) was a twentieth-century Chinese church leader and author. He founded the local church movement and wrote works such as The Spiritual Man. Imprisoned under the Communist regime, he died in custody.
Oral Roberts
[People]Oral Roberts (1918–2009) was an American Pentecostal and charismatic healing evangelist. He became widely known through his tent meetings and television broadcasts, and he founded Oral Roberts University. In Korean Protestantism he is regarded as a major influence on David Yonggi Cho.
Maximus the Confessor
[People]Maximus the Confessor (c. 580–662) was a seventh-century Eastern Roman monk and theologian. He is called "the Confessor" because he suffered torture and exile for defending dyothelitism, the doctrine that Christ has two wills, one according to his divinity and one according to his humanity.