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• Encyclopedia 329

Articles 329, showing 20

• AugustusPeople

  Augustus (63 BC–AD 14) was the first emperor of the Roman Empire. He appears in Luke 2:1 as "Caesar Augustus," who issued the decree for the census, and he provides the historical backdrop for the account of Jesus' birth.

• Peace of WestphaliaHistory

  The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for a series of peace treaties concluded in 1648 at Münster and Osnabrück in the region of Westphalia. It ended the Thirty Years' War and gave legal recognition within the Holy Roman Empire to Calvinism (the Reformed tradition) alongside Catholicism and Lutheranism.

• Diet of SpeyerHistory

  The Diet of Speyer was an imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in Speyer, Germany, during the Reformation. The name "Protestant" originated in the Protestation lodged by Lutheran princes and cities at the diet of 1529.

• Justin MartyrPeople

  Justin Martyr was a second-century Christian philosopher and apologist in the Roman Empire. He defended the Christian faith in the language of reason and philosophy and was martyred in Rome around 165.

• Theodosius IPeople

  Theodosius I (347–395) was the last emperor to rule both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire. He established Nicene Christianity as the official faith of the empire and convened the Council of Constantinople in 381.

• Edict of ThessalonicaHistory

  The Edict of Thessalonica was an edict issued in 380 by the Roman emperor Theodosius I together with his co-emperors. It established the Trinitarian faith of the Council of Nicaea as the orthodox faith of the empire and declared those who did not follow it to be heretics.

• ConstantinopleHistory

  Constantinople was the city that Constantine the Great dedicated in 330 as the new capital of the Roman Empire; it is present-day Istanbul in Türkiye. It was the center of the Eastern church in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and several church councils were held there.

• Hagia SophiaHistory

  Hagia Sophia is a building in Istanbul, Türkiye (formerly Constantinople). Dedicated in 537 as the cathedral of the Eastern Roman Empire, it became a mosque in 1453 and a museum in 1934, and was converted back into a mosque in 2020.

• Thirty Years' WarHistory

  The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought from 1618 to 1648, centered on the Holy Roman Empire. The struggle between Catholics and Protestants was intertwined with rivalry for power among the great European states, and the war ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

• German Peasants' WarHistory

  The German Peasants' War was a large-scale uprising from 1524 to 1525 in the German-speaking regions of the Holy Roman Empire, in which peasants and the urban poor rose up against the burdens imposed by their lords and the church. Although it was closely bound up with the ideas of the Reformation, it was suppressed by the allied armies of the princes.

• Münster RebellionHistory

  The Münster Rebellion took place in 1534–1535 in Münster, a city in the northwestern Holy Roman Empire. Anabaptists who believed the end of the world was near seized control of the city and proclaimed it the "New Jerusalem," until the rebellion was suppressed after a siege by the bishop's forces.

• Augsburg ConfessionDoctrine & Theology

  The Augsburg Confession is the confession of faith that the Lutheran princes presented to Emperor Charles V at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire in 1530. It is the foundational doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church.

• Diocletianic PersecutionHistory

  The Diocletianic Persecution, also called the Great Persecution, was the last large-scale persecution of Christians by the Roman Empire, lasting from 303 to about 313.

• Third Council of ConstantinopleHistory

  The Third Council of Constantinople was a council held from 680 to 681 in Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. It declared that Christ possesses both a divine will and a human will, condemned Monothelitism, and is counted as the sixth ecumenical council.

• Peace of AugsburgHistory

  The Peace of Augsburg was a religious settlement proclaimed on September 25, 1555, at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire. By allowing the ruler of each territory to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism, it gave Lutheranism legal recognition for the first time.

• Pontius PilatePeople

  Pontius Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea who tried Jesus Christ and sentenced him to crucifixion. He appears in all four Gospels, and his name is included in the Apostles' Creed.

• ClaudiusPeople

  Claudius was a Roman emperor of the mid-first century AD. He is named twice in the book of Acts, which records a famine during his reign and his order expelling the Jews from Rome.

• Edict of MilanHistory

  The Edict of Milan was a policy of religious toleration agreed upon and promulgated in 313 by the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius. It recognized freedom of religion for all faiths, including Christianity, and ordered the return of Christian property confiscated during the persecutions.

• Council of TrentHistory

  The Council of Trent was a council of the Roman Catholic Church held from 1545 to 1563 in Trent (Trento) in northern Italy. In response to the Reformation, it defined Catholic doctrine and reformed the internal life of the Church.

• Saint PatrickPeople

  Saint Patrick (Patricius, 5th century) was a missionary and bishop from Roman Britannia who brought Christianity to Ireland. He is the patron saint of Ireland and is commemorated on March 17.