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Counter-Reformation
[History]The Counter-Reformation was the movement of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which the Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation and renewed itself from within. The Council of Trent and the work of the Jesuits were central to it.
Jewish–Roman Wars
[History]The Jewish–Roman Wars were the revolts launched in the first and second centuries by Jews living under Roman rule, together with the Roman campaigns that suppressed them. The term most often refers to the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73/74), which led to the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70.
Abolitionist Movement
[History]The abolitionist movement was a social movement of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that sought to end the slave trade and slavery by law. In Britain, Quakers, evangelical Anglicans, and Methodists were at the center of the movement.
Adad-guppi
[People]Adad-guppi (7th–6th centuries BC) was the mother of Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. She is said to have served the moon god Sîn at Harran and is known from the Harran inscription, which recounts her life in the first person.
Antiochene School
[Doctrine & Theology]The Antiochene School was an early church theological tradition centered in Antioch in Syria during the fourth and fifth centuries that emphasized the literal and historical meaning of Scripture and the true humanity of Christ.
Iconoclastic Controversy
[History]The Iconoclastic Controversy was a theological and political dispute in the Byzantine Empire during the eighth and ninth centuries over whether it was legitimate to make and venerate images (icons) of Christ and the saints. It was largely settled with the restoration of icon veneration in 843.
Epistle of Barnabas
[History]The Epistle of Barnabas is an early Christian writing composed in Greek between the late first and early second centuries. It interprets the laws and institutions of the Old Testament as symbols pointing to Christ. It was not included in the New Testament canon.
Cluniac Reforms
[History]The Cluniac Reforms were a monastic renewal movement that spread across Western Europe in the tenth and eleventh centuries, centered on the Abbey of Cluny, founded in 910 in Burgundy, France. The movement emphasized independence from secular power and strict observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict.
Cathars
[History]The Cathars were a dualist Christian sect that spread through southern France and northern Italy in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. They are also called Albigensians, after the southern French city of Albi. The Catholic Church condemned them as heretics and suppressed them through a crusade and the Inquisition.
Vulgate
[Bible]The Vulgate is the Latin Bible that took shape chiefly through Jerome's translation and revision work in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. It served as the standard text of the Western church from the Middle Ages into the modern era.
King James Version
[Bible]The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Bible produced at the command of King James I of England and published in 1611. For centuries it served as the standard Bible of English-speaking Protestantism.
Lost Ten Tribes
[History]The Lost Ten Tribes are the ten northern tribes of Israel that disappeared from the historical record after being carried into exile when the northern Kingdom of Israel fell to Assyria in the eighth century BC. Various traditions and claims about their whereabouts arose in later centuries.
Talmud
[History]The Talmud is a body of Jewish literature that combines the Mishnah, a compilation of the oral law of Judaism, with its commentary, the Gemara. Compiled between the third and sixth centuries, it continues to serve as a standard for Jewish faith and life today.
Textus Receptus
[Bible]The Textus Receptus (Latin for "received text") is the name given to the printed editions of the Greek New Testament produced during the Reformation era of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It served as the basis for the New Testament in the King James Version and other early Protestant translations.
Apostolic Fathers
[History]The Apostolic Fathers are the church leaders who were active close to the time of the apostles, from the late first century to the mid-second century. The term also refers to the earliest Christian writings outside the New Testament that they left behind.
Sennacherib
[People]Sennacherib was a king of Assyria in the late eighth and early seventh centuries BC. During the reign of Hezekiah king of Judah, he invaded Judah and besieged and threatened Jerusalem, but he withdrew without taking the city.
Hillel
[People]Hillel was a Jewish teacher of the Law, active from the late first century BC to the early first century AD, and the founder of the School of Hillel. He is known for the prosbul, a legal instrument connected with the release of debts in the sabbatical year, and for a teaching that resembles the Golden Rule.
Monasticism
[History]Monasticism is the movement, beginning in the deserts of Egypt and Syria in the third and fourth centuries, through which a life of prayer, labor, and asceticism lived apart from the world became established in communities and institutions. It stood at the center of the medieval church, and since the Reformation the various Christian traditions have assessed it differently.
Hermit
[Christian Life]A hermit is a person who lives alone in a remote place apart from the world, cultivating faith through prayer and ascetic discipline. The tradition originated with the monks of the Egyptian desert in the third and fourth centuries.
1 Corinthians 11:11-12
[Bible Verses]A passage in which Paul, while addressing the question of head coverings in worship at the Corinthian church, states that "in the Lord" man and woman depend on each other and that all things are of God. It is frequently cited in discussions of women's ordination, with debate centering on how it relates to the preceding argument about the order of man and woman.