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Alexander the Great
[People]Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) was a king of ancient Macedonia who overthrew the Persian Empire and built an empire stretching from Greece to the Indus River. The Greek language and culture spread by his conquests formed the backdrop of the intertestamental period and the New Testament era.
Philip the Tetrarch
[People]Philip the Tetrarch was a son of Herod the Great who ruled as tetrarch over Ituraea and Trachonitis, the region northeast of the Sea of Galilee. In the New Testament, his name appears in Luke 3:1.
Servant Songs
[Bible]"Servant Songs" is a scholarly term for four poems in Isaiah 40–55 concerning "the servant of the LORD." They are found in Isaiah 42, 49, 50, and 52:13–53:12, and the New Testament applies them to Jesus Christ.
Apostolic Fathers
[History]The Apostolic Fathers are the church leaders who were active close to the time of the apostles, from the late first century to the mid-second century. The term also refers to the earliest Christian writings outside the New Testament that they left behind.
Divination
[Bible]Divination is the attempt to discover the future or the divine will through omens, instruments, or mediums. The Old Testament law forbids it, and the New Testament maintains the same position.
Codex Sinaiticus
[Bible]Codex Sinaiticus is a fourth-century Greek manuscript of the Bible. It was discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai and is known as the oldest surviving manuscript that contains the complete New Testament.
Beth-shan
[Bible]Beth-shan was a Canaanite city located where the Jezreel Valley meets the Jordan Valley. It is known as the place where the Philistines fastened the body of Saul to the city wall, and in New Testament times it was one of the cities of the Decapolis.
Codex Vaticanus
[Bible]Codex Vaticanus is a Greek manuscript of the Bible generally dated to the fourth century, containing both the Old Testament (Septuagint) and the New Testament. It is one of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Bible.
Stumbling Block
[Bible]A stumbling block is a stone or obstacle that catches the foot and causes a person to fall. In the Bible, the term refers to anything that causes a person to fall into sin or unbelief. The New Testament also describes Christ as a stone that becomes a stumbling block to those who do not believe.
Papyrus
[Bible]Papyrus is an aquatic plant that grows in the marshes of the Nile Valley, and the name also refers to the ancient writing material made from its stalks. In the Old Testament it appears mainly as a plant, and in the New Testament as "paper." It is also important as the material of early New Testament manuscripts.
Oxyrhynchus Papyri
[History]The Oxyrhynchus Papyri are a large body of papyrus documents excavated from the late nineteenth century onward from the rubbish mounds of the ancient Egyptian city of Oxyrhynchus. They include New Testament manuscripts and Greek fragments of the Gospel of Thomas, among other texts.
Firstfruits
[Bible]Firstfruits were an Old Testament offering to God of the first grain and produce harvested from the land each year. In the New Testament the term is used figuratively for the risen Christ and for those who were the first to believe.
William Tyndale
[People]William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English reformer and Bible translator. He produced the first printed New Testament translated into English from the original Greek and was executed on charges of heresy.
Tyre and Sidon
[Bible]Tyre and Sidon were Phoenician port cities on the eastern Mediterranean coast, in present-day Lebanon. In the Old Testament they appear as trading partners of Israel and as objects of the prophets' pronouncements of judgment; in the New Testament they appear as Gentile regions reached by the ministry of Jesus.
Theodore Beza
[People]Theodore Beza (1519–1605) was a French-born Reformer. He succeeded John Calvin as leader of the church in Geneva and is known for his editions of the Greek New Testament and for his systematization of Reformed theology.
The Stone the Builders Rejected
[Bible]An expression from Psalm 118:22 declaring that a stone rejected by people has become the head of the corner. The New Testament applies the verse to the rejection and exaltation of Jesus Christ.
Judah (Son of Jacob)
[People]Judah was the fourth son of Jacob and Leah and the ancestor of the tribe of Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The Davidic royal line descended from him, and the New Testament presents Jesus as his descendant.
Epistle of Barnabas
[History]The Epistle of Barnabas is an early Christian writing composed in Greek between the late first and early second centuries. It interprets the laws and institutions of the Old Testament as symbols pointing to Christ. It was not included in the New Testament canon.
Sign
[Bible]A sign is a mark that reveals God's will or shows in advance what is to come. In the Old Testament the term refers to signs of the covenant and to the symbolic acts of the prophets; in the New Testament it extends to the signs performed by Jesus and to the signs of the end times.
Gospel of Nicodemus
[Bible]The Gospel of Nicodemus is an ancient Christian text that recounts the trial, death, and resurrection of Jesus and his descent into Hades. Also known as the Acts of Pilate, it is a work of New Testament apocrypha and is not part of the biblical canon.