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Adolf von Harnack
[People]Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930) was a German Protestant theologian and church historian. The author of the *History of Dogma* and *What Is Christianity?*, he is regarded as a leading representative of liberal theology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Tertullian
[People]Tertullian was a Christian writer and apologist active in Carthage, North Africa, in the second and third centuries. He refined theological terminology in Latin and is called the "Father of Latin Theology."
East–West Schism
[History]The East–West Schism was the division between the Western Church (Roman Catholic) and the Eastern Church (Orthodox). Its starting point is commonly dated to 1054, when the papal legates and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other.
Nag Hammadi Library
[History]The Nag Hammadi library is a collection of Coptic manuscripts from around the fourth century, discovered in 1945 near Nag Hammadi, Egypt. Containing some fifty works, including the Gospel of Thomas, it has become a key source for the study of Gnosticism in the early Christian era.
Mendicant Orders
[History]The mendicant orders are a type of Catholic religious order that arose in thirteenth-century Western Europe. The term refers to orders such as the Franciscans and Dominicans, which held no corporate property, lived on the offerings and alms of the faithful, and preached as they traveled from town to town.
Rule of Saint Benedict
[History]The Rule of Saint Benedict is a rule for monastic life written in the sixth century by Benedict of Nursia at the monastery of Monte Cassino. It addresses prayer and work, obedience, and communal life, and from the Middle Ages onward it became the foundational rule of Western monasticism.
Ugaritic Texts
[History]The Ugaritic texts are clay tablets unearthed beginning in 1929 at the site of the ancient city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra) on the northwestern coast of Syria. They are regarded as a key source for the language and religion of Canaan in the Old Testament period.
Aleppo Codex
[Bible]The Aleppo Codex is a manuscript of the Hebrew Old Testament believed to have been produced in Tiberias, Galilee, in the first half of the tenth century. It is regarded as one of the most accurate witnesses to the Masoretic Text.
Contemplative Prayer
[Controversies]Contemplative prayer is a form of prayer that uses few words and rests silently in the presence of God. Some embrace it as a spiritual discipline, while others regard it as a departure from biblical prayer.
Acts of the Apostles
[Bible]The Acts of the Apostles is the fifth book of the New Testament. It records how, after the ascension of Jesus Christ and with the coming of the Holy Spirit, the church began in Jerusalem and spread as far as Rome.
The Sabbath and the Lord's Day
[Controversies]A discussion of whether Christians should observe the seventh-day (Saturday) Sabbath or the first-day (Sunday) Lord's Day, and whether the Lord's Day should be kept in the manner of the Old Testament Sabbath.
The Church and Politics
[Controversies]The question of how the church and individual Christians should engage in politics. Views differ on the meaning of the separation of church and state, the boundary between preaching and political speech, and the proper forms of the church's social engagement.
The March First Movement and Christianity
[History]The March First Movement and Christianity examines the role Protestantism played in Korea's March First Movement of 1919. Protestants accounted for 16 of the 33 National Representatives, and churches and Christian schools served as bases from which the independence demonstrations spread across the country.
Schisms in the Korean Presbyterian Church
[History]The schisms in the Korean Presbyterian Church were the divisions of the once-unified Presbyterian Church in Korea during the 1950s into the Kosin, Kijang, Tonghap, and Hapdong bodies. The disputes concerned the handling of Shinto shrine worship, views of Scripture, and membership in the World Council of Churches (WCC). Further divisions into numerous denominations followed.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
[Heresies & Cults]The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a religious organization founded by Joseph Smith in the United States in 1830 and commonly known as the Mormon Church. It accepts the Book of Mormon as scripture alongside the Bible. In South Korea, the Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap), the Korean Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapshin), and other denominations have declared it heretical.
Epistle to the Galatians
[Bible]The Epistle to the Galatians is the ninth book of the New Testament, a letter from the apostle Paul to the churches of the region of Galatia. It teaches that a person is justified not by the works of the law but by faith.
The Twelve Disciples
[People]The Twelve Disciples were the twelve men whom Jesus Christ kept close to him during his public ministry, teaching them and sending them out to preach. The New Testament also calls them "apostles."
The Fall
[Doctrine & Theology]The Fall is the Christian doctrine concerning the event in which the first humans, Adam and Eve, disobeyed God's command, so that sin and death entered the human race, and concerning the condition into which humanity came as a result.
Sermon on the Mount
[Bible]The Sermon on the Mount is the collection of Jesus' teachings recorded in Matthew 5–7, delivered on a mountain to His disciples and the multitudes. It contains the Beatitudes, the Lord's Prayer, and the Golden Rule.
Perseverance of the Saints
[Doctrine & Theology]The perseverance of the saints is the Reformed (Calvinist) doctrine that God upholds to the end those whom He has truly saved, so that they never fall away completely from the faith. Other traditions understand the matter differently.